Uttarāyaṇa (उत्तरायण), or Uttarayana, is the six-month period between Winter
solstice (around December 22) andSummer
solstice (around June 21), when the sun apparently travels towards the
north on the celestial sphere. But it is common to
erroneously refer it to as the period between the Makar
Sankranti (which currently occurs around January 14) and Karka
Sankranti (which currently occurs around July 18). The name Uttarayana comes
from joining two different Sanskrit words "Uttara" (North) and
"ayana" (movement towards). The period from June 21 to December 22 is
known is Dakshināyana (दक्षिणायण).
Drik Siddhanta and
Uttarayana
This festival is currently
celebrated on 14 or 15 January but due to axial precession of the earth it
will continue to shift away from the actual season. The season occurs based on
tropical sun (without ayanamsha). The earth revolves around sun with a tilt of
23.45 degrees. When the tilt is facing the sun we get summer and when the tilt
is away from the sun we get winter. That is the reason when there is summer
north of the equator, it will be winter south of the equator. Because of this
tilt it appears that the sun travels north and south of the equator. This
motion of the sun going from south to north is called Uttarayana – the sun is
moving towards north and when it reaches north it starts moving south and it is
called Dakshinayana – the sun is moving towards south. This causes seasons
which are dependent on equinoxes and solstices.
There is a common
misconception that Makara Sankranti is the Uttarayana. This is because at one
point in time Sayana and Nirayana zodiac were the same. Every year equinoxes
slide by 50 seconds due to precession of equinoxes, giving birth to Ayanamsha
and causing Makar Sankranti to slide further. As a result if you think Makar
Sankranti is Uttarayana then as it is sliding, it will come in June after 9000
years. However Makar Sankranti still holds importance in Hindu rituals. All
Drika Panchanga makers like mypanchang.com, datepanchang, janmabhumi panchang,
rashtriya panchang and Vishuddha Siddhanta Panjika use the
position of the tropical sun to determine Uttarayana and Dakshinayana.
Also when Uttarayana
starts, it is a start of winter. When equinox slides it will increase ayanamsha
and Makar Sankranti will also slide. In 1000 AD, Makar Sankranti was on Dec 31
and now it falls on January 14; after 9000 years when Makara Sankranti will be
in June. It would seem absurd to have Uttarayana in June when sun is about to
begin its ascent upwards —Dakshinayana. This misconception continues as there
is not much difference between actual Uttarayana date of Dec 21 and January 14.
However, the difference will be significant as equinoxes slide further.
Uttarayana in Hindu
Mythology
Uttarayana is referred to
as the day of new good healthy wealthy beginning.
According to Kauravas and
Pandavas, in Mahabharata on this day Bheeshma Pitamaha, chose to leave for his
heavenly abode. As per a boon granted to Devavratha (Bheeshma), he could choose
his time of death and he chose this day, when the sun starts on its course
towards the northern hemisphere.
Kite Fighting on Uttarayana
Materials
In most traditional fighter kite manufacture, the skins of kites are made from a lightweight thin paper and the spars are usually made from a lightweight and flexible wood, usuallybamboo.
In modern American fighters, the kite skins are made from a variety of synthetic materials – mylar, aircraft insulation (orcon or insulfab), nylon, and polyester sheeting. The spine may still be bamboo, but often along with the bow is constructed of fiberglass or carbon fiber.
Line
Historically, for most Asian type fighters, a thin cotton or hemp line is coated with a mixture of finely crushed glass and rice glue. In recent years, synthetic line has been coated with a variety of abrasives and stronger glue. Also, there have been some reports of metallic line being used. Some cultures use line that has metal knives attached to hook and cut the opponent's line.
Traditionally, players use a paste of some sort to toughen their line. The primary components of this include glue and crushed glass, but depending on personal preference other materials are added to improve the properties of the line.
In line touch competition, synthetic braided fishing line, 15 to 20 lb test, is used due to its low stretch and high strength for the line diameter and weight. Waxed cotton, linen line or Latex can also be used.
Names
Spectra - A brand of fishing line used for American Kite fighting.
Power Pro - A very thin [0.25 mm diameter] braided fishing line used for American Kite Fighting.
Manjha - Cutting line used in India and Pakistan.
Tar - Cutting line used in Afghanistan.
Hilo de competencia o Hilo Curado - Cutting line used in Chile.
Dor - (India and Pakistan) The string used to fly the kite. The sharper the string, the better it is.
Pench - When two or more kites are fighting to cut one another. (India)
Bridle and tuning
Bridle position, spine curve, center of gravity, and balance of tension on the spars all play a role in how the kite spins and tracks. Afghan and Indian fighter kites and their variants have their bridles attached in two places on the kites spine. The first place is at the crossing of the bow and the spine. The second attachment is three quarters to two thirds of the total length of the spine from the nose of the kite. The length of the top line to the tow point is the length between the two bridle to spine connection points. The length of the bottom bridle to the tow point is between half an inch to two inches (1.2-5 cm) longer than the length of the two spine connections. The spine of the kite has a slight convex curve toward the face of the kite. To make the kite spin more, the upper bridle line is shortened: to make the kite spin less, the lower bridle line is shortened . Left and right tracking are adjusted by either placing weight on the tip of a wing, or by weakening the bow on the side that you want the kite to track towards. The design of the kite plays a role in the tendency for the kite to spin and pull, and how much wind the kite can handle. Bridling and tuning are only effective when the kite chosen is able to handle the amount of wind that it is being flown in. If the wind is so strong that the spine and bow are severely distorted, no amount of bridle tuning will help with making the kite controllable. A crude method of making a kite flyable in over-strong wind, used in India where the kites are cheap and regarded as disposable, is to burn small holes in the flying surface, typically using a cigarette.
Kite fighting
When the kite is flown with the line taut, the kite is deformed by the wind pressure, giving it a degree of stability. When the line tension is reduced, either by letting out more line or by the flyer moving into wind, the kite will begin to become unstable and begin to rock from side to side, or in extreme cases even spin. By reapplying tension at the right moment, the kite will move in the direction that the flyer requires.
Although a spool that allows rapid winding and release of line is used, often the flyer will fly the kite by holding the line itself, with one or more assistants to help manage the slack line between the flyer and the spool.
India
Fighter kites are known as patang in India. In many others, kite flying takes place mainly during specific festivals particularly the spring festival known as Basant, during Makar Sankranti and more recently on Indian Independence Day.
Accidents
In India, Pakistan, and Chile, there have been reported accidents involving the abrasive coated cutting line. These accidents range in severity from small cuts on the fighter's fingers to a few reported deaths from contact with the line while riding motorcycles. In recent years, the fighting lines have evolved from the traditional cotton, rice and glass line to nylon or synthetic line coated with metallic or chemical abrasive compounds. To prevent further injury, many countries have implemented restrictions or bans on the use of cutting line. Some have set limits on the materials used to make the line, others have mandated safety devices on motorcycles when riding during kite festivals. People have been injured while fixated on capturing a cut kite. Other injuries have been due to not paying attention to ones actions while watching battles. Most of these accidents are preventable when fighting is strictly controlled to a specific arena and proper safety gear is worn by the fighters. Other accidents have occurred due to the masses of people present during large kite festivals to which kite fighting has taken the blame.
Environmental and safety concerns
The kite strings left around after the fight can become stuck in tall trees and can stay there for many years, impacting the natural aesthetic of parks and wilderness areas, thus degrading the experience of other park users from the trash that is left about.
Dogs have also been known to get trapped and injured on kite lines that have fallen closer to the ground.
Line cutting contests
Many of these kites are flown with an abrasive coated line (manja). Most kites are flown with a set length of manja at the kite end. The manja is very sharp and to avoid getting hand injuries most competitors use ordinary string (saddi) for their hand position. Some cutting involves knives of some sort attached to the tail, line, or kite. Competition rules vary by geographical area. Two or more contestants fly their kites. The person who cuts the opponents line wins the fight. In multiple kite matches, the person with the last kite in the air is the winner.
The two most common types of cutting are done with abrasive coated line - release cutting or pull cutting. To release cut, once the lines are in contact, both parties start to play out line until one line is cut. In pull cutting, the flier quickly retrieves line until the opponents line is cut. There are many factors in who will win the event and include the size of the kite, the quality of the kite, the quality of the line, the quality of the abrasive on the line, the quality and size of the spool, the spool handler, initial contact, the skill of the person flying the kite, and the wind conditions.
Capture or grounding competition
Two or more kites are flown. Competitors try to capture their opponents kite and bring it to the ground. The person or team who succeeds is the winner.
Expert kite fighters are able to cut their opponents line (manjha) and then encircle the trailing line (lubjow) of the cut kite. Once secured, the winner can then fly both kites and pull in the prize. Those not involved in the kite flying can be "kite runners" (Once a kite is cut, it no longer belongs to anyone until caught and claimed by the kite runner.). Many children die every year when they run into the path of vehicles or fall off roofs or, occasionally, with the fiber glass string cutting the flier's fingers or neck. The glass on the string is said to give the kite "cutting teeth".
Types
Lokta Changa (Nepal)
Indian Fighter Kite (India) (also known as a Patang)
Pakistani Fighter Kite (Pakistan) (also known as a Patang)
Tukkal (Pakistan and India)
Hata (Japan)
Rokkaku (Japan)
Afghan Fighter Kite (Afghanistan)
Shield Kite (Korea)
Chula and Pakpao (Thailand)
Wau (Malaysia)
American Fighter Kite (United States and Canada)
Brazilian Fighter Kite (Brazil)
Volantines (Chile)
